Introduction

Construction collapses remain a serious concern in South Africa's construction and civil industries. This article translates Prof Smallwood's research findings into practical, actionable advice for those working on reinforced concrete (RC) structures, support work and formwork. The goal is simple: help you prevent collapses on your sites.

Six key areas that prevent collapses

Practical actions that work

Before construction starts

Critical inspection points

Support work and formwork: Five must-dos

1. Quality systems for design AND construction.
2. Competent designers - temporary works need real engineering.
3. Inspections during erection, pouring, striking, back-propping.
4. Conformance - concrete strength, compaction, match design.
5. Back-propping - correct layouts, no guessing.

Bottom line

Conformance to requirements prevents collapses. But only if:

Quick Reference: Do's and Don'ts

Remember: Planning without execution is useless. Execution without planning is dangerous.

Neil Enslin | Head: Occupational Health and Safety 

Source: Based on research with South African construction professionals (Smallwood, 2019)

1. Identify collapse risks

Your risk assessment must cover:

• Excavations and trenches.
• Formwork, falsework and scaffolding.
• Temporary works and partially completed structures.

If it can collapse, it must be assessed.

2. Control of Temporary Works

Many collapses involve temporary works.

Ensure the following:

• Designs completed by a competent person.
• Drawings approved and signed off.
• Inspections done and recorded.
• No unauthorised changes or overloading.

3. Emergency plan for collapse

Your emergency plan must clearly explain:

• The process for raising the alarm.
• Evacuation routes and assembly points.
• Who takes control during an emergency.
• How emergency services are contacted.

Workers must know this, not just management.

4. O₂ and rescue readiness

If workers are trapped, air can mean the difference between life and death.

Where reasonably practicable, sites should have:

• Emergency oxygen (O₂) or breathing support equipment.
• First-aid equipment for crush injuries.
• Communication devices to locate and support trapped workers.

Only trained and authorised persons may attempt rescue and must do so in coordination with emergency services.

5. Keep critical documents accessible

Emergency responders need information fast. Keep the following documents easily accessible. 

• Temporary works drawings.
• Structural and as-built drawings.
• Inspection records and method statements.
• Emergency contact lists.

STOP WORK if you see or hear:

• Cracks, movement or deflection.
• Unusual sounds (cracking or popping).
• Overloading or unauthorised structural changes.

Structural instability is a STOP-WORK condition.

Final Message

Structural collapses do not allow for second chances.

If your emergency plan, O₂ readiness, equipment and documents are not in place before a collapse, they will not be there after it happens either.

Plan, Equip, Train, Document - Save lives!

Each new year, we take time to reflect on what has transpired in the previous year and then identify the strategies and goals necessary for the year ahead. As I began writing this article, I placed myself in the shoes of Construction Health and Safety Managers and officers who will soon be tasked with developing occupational health and safety (OHS) strategies and objectives for 2026.

Based on recent evidence and developments within South Africa’s construction and civil engineering industry, several strategic health and safety challenges and their associated risks stand out for 2026 and beyond.

Ensuring Effective Oversight and Compliance — Not Just on Paper

Regulatory reform must be accompanied by enhanced inspection capacity, risk-based surveillance, and consistent enforcement. Oversight needs to extend beyond large, well-resourced contractors to include small and medium enterprises (SMEs), informal contractors, and subcontracted labour, where non-compliance is most frequently identified. Without visible and consistent enforcement, even well-drafted legislation risks becoming ineffective.

Mitigating Key Hazard Categories — Transport, Plant, Falls and Structural Integrity

Strategic interventions must continue to prioritise the leading causes of serious injury and fatalities, including:

• Site traffic and vehicle management
• Struck-by hazards involving moving plant and equipment
• Fall-risk positions and fall protection
• Structural integrity failures, including temporary works, scaffolding, load-bearing elements, and geotechnical conditions

While modern tools such as digital inspections, sensor technologies and electronic permit systems offer promise, their impact will remain limited unless adoption becomes widespread, practical and consistently enforced.

Reforming Procurement, Contracting and Supply-Chain Incentives

Clients and developers play a critical role in shaping health and safety outcomes. Health and safety must be embedded as a non-negotiable procurement requirement, including:

• Pre-qualification based on demonstrable OHS competence
• Verification of subcontractor credentials
• Linking staged payments to verified safety milestones

Without reforming commercial and financial incentives, contractors may continue to prioritise cost and programme pressures at the expense of worker safety.

Improving Data Collection, Reporting and Transparency

The industry continues to suffer from fragmented and inconsistent data on incidents, near misses, and occupational disease. A centralised and standardised incident and near-miss reporting system is essential to identify trends, monitor compliance, and guide targeted interventions. Improved data quality would also support evidence-based policymaking, insurance risk modelling and informed investment in safety systems.

Protecting Vulnerable Workers — Informal, Foreign National and Casual Labour

Special attention must be given to workers who fall outside traditional or formal safety systems. This includes:

• Language-appropriate induction and toolbox talks
• Assurance of fair labour practices
• Stronger oversight of subcontracting chains where exploitation and negligent safety practices are more likely to occur

Protecting vulnerable workers is both a legal obligation and a moral imperative.

Recommended Strategic Actions

Addressing these challenges will require coordinated and sustained action across all stakeholders. The following strategic actions are recommended:

1. Regulatory enforcement and capacity building
   Increase inspectorate resources, adopt risk-based inspection models focused on high-risk activities and sites, and ensure meaningful penalties that act as real deterrents to non-compliance.
2. Procurement reform
   Embed measurable health and safety KPIs within tender and contract documentation. Restrict appointments to firms with demonstrable safety management systems and link payments to independently verified safety performance milestones.
3. Site-level hazard control prioritisation
   Focus on effective traffic management plans, exclusion zones for moving plant, robust fall-protection systems, and safe scaffolding and temporary works. Integrate permit-to-work systems for high-risk activities such as hot work and confined-space entry.
4. Data and reporting improvements
   Introduce a national, preferably electronic, system for reporting incidents and near misses. Aggregate and publish data to guide policy development and industry-wide safety investment.
5. Support for SMEs and informal worksites
   Provide targeted grants, subsidies, or technical assistance to smaller firms to support compliance. Establish regional mentorship and training programmes and incentivise compliance through mechanisms such as reduced insurance premiums.
6. Worker protection and empowerment
   Ensure that all workers including casual and foreign national labour understand their rights under the Occupational Health and Safety Act, including the right to refuse unsafe work, and are aware of reporting channels that protect them from retaliation.

Conclusion

The South African construction sector enters 2026 at a critical crossroads. Regulatory momentum heightened public scrutiny, and tragic high-profile failures most notably the 2024 building collapse in George and most recently the Building Collapse in December 2025, have exposed deep-seated weaknesses in oversight, competence, procurement practices and health and safety culture.

At the same time, these pressures present an opportunity. If government, regulators, clients, contractors, insurers, and workers commit to sustained and coordinated reform, the industry can move away from cost and programme-driven shortcuts toward safety-led and competence-based practices.

Success will require far more than stronger laws. It will demand cultural change, investment in human capability, transparency and a fundamental realignment of incentives. Without these shifts, accidents, structural failures and fatalities will continue to undermine worker welfare, public confidence and the long-term sustainability of the built environment.

With decisive action, however, 2026 can mark the beginning of a new era for construction in South Africa one grounded in competence, accountability, safety and respect for human life.

Neil Enslin | Head: Occupational Health and Safety

References

1. Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993), as amended – Republic of South Africa.
2. Construction Regulations, 2014, promulgated under the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 – Government Notice R.84 of 7 February 2014, as amended.
3. General Safety Regulations, issued under the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 – as amended.
4. Environmental Regulations for Workplaces, issued under the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 – as amended.
5. Project and Construction Management Professions Act, 2000 (Act No. 48 of 2000) – Republic of South Africa.
6. South African Council for the Project and Construction Management Professions (SACPCMP) – Registration Guidelines, Scope of Services and Professional Practice Notes.
7. Department of Employment and Labour (DEL) – Construction Sector Occupational Health and Safety Inspection and Enforcement Reports.
8. Association of Construction Health and Safety Management (ACHSM) – Industry Guidance Notes and Competency Frameworks.
9. International Labour Organization (ILO) – Safety and Health in Construction (ILO Code of Practice).
10. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) – ISO 45001:2018, Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems – Requirements with Guidance for Use.
11. Auditor-General of South Africa (AGSA) – Public Sector Infrastructure Oversight and Governance Reports.
12. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) – Built Environment and Construction Safety Research Publications.
13. Western Cape Government – Preliminary findings and public statements relating to the 2024 George building collapse.
14. Federated Employers Mutual Assurance (FEM) and Compensation Fund – Construction industry injury, fatality and occupational disease statistics.

A miss today, a lesson for tomorrow: mastering near miss reporting in SA construction.

On a South African construction site, a brick falls from a scaffold and lands centimetres from a worker. An excavator operator reverses, narrowly missing a trench. These events are often met with a nervous laugh and a "voetstoots" attitude. But this response is a missed opportunity. In an industry with an unacceptably high incident rate, near misses are our most powerful, cost-effective tool for preventing serious injuries and fatalities.

What is a near miss in our context?

A near miss is an unplanned event that did not result in injury, illness or damage but had the clear potential to do so. It is a free warning sign that our safety controls, be it procedures, training or supervision, have failed.

The safety triangle in the SA context

This proven model shows that for every major injury or fatality; there are hundreds of minor injuries and thousands of near misses. By proactively implementing the Safety Triangle principle, which encompasses reporting the near-misses that are regularly observed, we can prevent catastrophic safety incidents.

Why is reporting so low on SA sites? Breaking the barriers

Despite its value, near-miss reporting is often low. Understanding our local barriers is the first step to overcoming them:

Building an effective near miss System for SA sites

A successful system must be simple non-punitive and learning focused, aligned with the requirements of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA).

1. Champion a "just culture" from the top

Foremen and Site Managers must lead by example. The message must be clear: "We want to fix the problem, not punish the person." Reporting a near miss is a positive responsible act that is recognised and valued.

2. Simplify the process for all

3. Train and empower every worker

4. Implement the closed-loop process

Reporting without action kills the system. The process must be:

Conclusion: From reactive to proactive safety

For the South African construction industry to improve its safety record, we must move beyond merely investigating accidents. We must become proactive hunters of near misses.

Every near miss reported is a failure in our defences that we have been lucky to see. By capturing and acting on these warnings, we are not just preventing minor incidents; we are building a vital barrier against the tragedies that affect too many of our sites and families. Let's commit to learning from these free lessons, ensuring that a miss today doesn't become a headline tomorrow.

Neil Enslin | Head: Occupational Health and Safety

Improving incident and accident investigations in the South African construction industry: A human factors/ergonomics perspective

The South African construction sector has been plagued by several highly publicised accidents in the last two years and beyond. This includes, but is not limited to, the following accidents that received wide coverage on news networks, social media and many professional forums:

While these accidents rightly deserve attention, they serve as confirmation that construction safety management systems are safety-critical and remain vulnerable to unwanted events such as accidents and fatalities. The recurrence of similar types of accidents is not only an indication of a failure to learn (Stemn et al., 2018) but suggests that systemic contributory factors that were prevalent before accidents remain in place after the accident and following investigations and implementation of recommendations. These accidents, like many others that do not receive public scrutiny or those that do not get reported or investigated, are a symptom of sub-optimally designed construction safety management systems at various levels and life cycle phases of construction organisations. They further expose the ineffectiveness of currently applied investigation processes that are predominantly framed to find fault in personnel at the sharp end, instead of understanding the prevailing conditions and events that cultivate the conditions that enable accidents.

Based on a review of a number of construction accident investigation reports and findings, there is a consistent pattern of investigations focusing heavily on rule violations and “operator error” while under-reporting contextual factors linked to system design, organisational contributors such as ineffective work planning, limited budgets, insufficient crew for the job demands, production pressure, role ambiguity, subcontractor interfaces and inadequate ergonomic design, among numerous other systemic contributory factors.

The narrow “human-focused” lens typically adopted when conducting construction investigations often produces over-simplified “neatly packaged” root causes or linear cause-effect explanations and a lack of appreciation of the complex, systemic contributors. This often leads to the development of recommendations that are not able to effectively address the factors that negatively contribute to unwanted events. Moreover, these are less likely to lead to sustained positive changes within the construction organisations and system, which ultimately increases the likelihood of recurrence. It should therefore not be a surprise that construction sector incident and injury statistics remain high when compared to other industries. Moreover, the prediction by various industry experts that similar construction accidents are likely to be repeated is not unfounded and should be an urgent call for the construction sector to implement alternative ways to conduct investigations.

The focus should be on shifting the narrative around investigations, using investigation tools that enable systemic reviews of contributory factors, and delving beyond workers’ contributions to accidents in favour of understanding the systemic factors that enable accidents to occur in the first place. Changing the narrative/ discourse around how accidents are viewed will not only shape the investigation approaches/ processes but will also improve the output of investigations. Several practical, human-factors/ergonomics-oriented changes that construction organisations can work towards implementing are provided below.

Five actionable human-factors improvements required for investigations

1. Adopt a systems approach when framing or understanding system outcomes (including accidents and injuries)

2. Context matters

3. Improving the reporting culture for all incidents and near-misses and using accidents as learning opportunities is critical

Linking punitive actions to accidents and other unwanted events has been shown to have a negative impact on the reporting culture (Heraghty et al., 2021). When workers are deterred from reporting, the organisation becomes blind to risks that may manifest or contribute to accidents. While many organisations may feel that a just culture with a no-blame approach reduces accountability and personal responsibility (Sherratt et al., 2023), research has shown that a just culture approach in investigations fosters a learning environment, improves learning, and encourages workers at all levels to report near misses, unsafe conditions.

The recent construction accidents are not due to isolated factors but are a consequence of sustained systemic weaknesses that are not always effectively investigated and addressed in construction organisations and the wider industry. Although construction accidents and incidents may be unwanted events, they present an opportunity for organisations, personnel and even external stakeholders such as clients and safety authorities, to improve their ability to learn from and reduce the likelihood of similar occurrences (Dodshon and Hassall, 2017).

To make meaningful progress in curbing the accidents and injuries across the construction sector, there is a need to use systems-based human factors/ ergonomics methods, frameworks, and approaches. This will allow the construction industry to more proactively manage systemic risk factors and reinforce the need to embed safety earlier in the life cycle phases of construction projects and systems, and may further enable the construction industry to move systematically towards an open, learning environment where accidents investigation outcomes are used an effective safety improvement tool. Human factors and ergonomics research and case studies provide evidence that shifting from reactive, blame-based, superficial investigations to proactive, system-level, learning-oriented investigation methods and approaches can positively assist organisations to more comprehensively identify and manage systemic risks that contribute to occurrences.

Sma Ngcamu-Tukulula (CPE) | Smart Ergonomics

Introduction

Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) remain one of the most significant yet preventable safety challenges in the South African construction industry. Despite advancements in workplace safety protocols, MVAs continue to account for a substantial portion of fatalities and injuries on construction sites. This article examines the root causes, current trends and actionable solutions to mitigate this ongoing risk.

The Alarming Statistics

According to the FEM (Federated Employers Mutual Assurance) reports:

These figures highlight a critical gap in safety management, particularly in vehicle and transport operations.

Key Risk Factors

Human Error

Studies have shown that human error, fatigue and distracted driving are leading causes of MVAs. A report from the Road Traffic Management Corporation (RTMC) notes that in Q4 of 2023/24, 84.1% of fatal crashes were attributed to human factors. This staggering statistic is also reflected in construction transport incidents. Some of these human errors are:

Vehicle/Equipment Failures

Many incidents stem from poorly maintained or unroadworthy vehicles. Routine inspections are often neglected, especially in smaller subcontractor operations.  Some of these vehicle/equipment failures are:

Site-Specific Hazards

Construction sites with poor vehicle-pedestrian segregation, no speed control measures, or untrained spotters create environments where accidents are far more likely. Some of these hazards are:

Regulatory Gaps

Despite legal requirements under the Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993) and the Construction Regulations, compliance remains inconsistent. Some of these regulatory gaps are:

Actionable Solutions

Conclusion

Motor vehicle accidents in construction are not accidents in the true sense they are often the result of predictable and preventable failings. Through proactive planning, strict adherence to legislation and continuous education, construction companies can drastically reduce MVAs and protect their workforce.

Improving transport-related safety is not only a legal and ethical responsibility it is a fundamental part of building a sustainable and safe construction sector in South Africa.

Call to Action:

By working together, we can turn the tide on this persistent threat.

References:

FEM Injury Statistics (2024)
Construction Regulations 2014
State of Road Safety Report by Road Traffic Corporation

Introduction

Fatigue is a silent but serious threat on construction sites across South Africa. While long hours are often accepted as part of the job, the effects on safety, decision-making and productivity can be profound. With rising pressure to meet deadlines and budget constraints, the risk of fatigue-related incidents in the construction industry is becoming increasingly significant.

Understanding fatigue in construction

Fatigue is more than just being tired. It is a state of physical and mental exhaustion that reduces a worker’s ability to perform safely and effectively. It impairs concentration, reaction time and judgment, factors that are critical for maintaining safety on construction sites.

Common causes of fatigue:

South African Context

In South Africa, extended working hours are not uncommon, especially on large-scale infrastructure projects with tight deadlines. According to data from the Federated Employers Mutual Assurance Company (FEM) and Department of Employment and Labour:

While South African Labour Law regulates maximum work hours and rest breaks (under the Basic Conditions of Employment Act), enforcement remains a challenge, particularly in project-based or informal site setups. Construction Regulations (2014) under the OHS Act require that fatigue-related risks be addressed in risk assessments and OHS plans, but this is not always practiced.

Managing Fatigue on Site

1. Shift Scheduling

2. Break Management

4. Toolbox Talks & Training

Conclusion

Fatigue is a manageable risk, but only if acknowledged and addressed with intent. A proactive fatigue management strategy not only prevents accidents but also promotes health, morale and productivity across the workforce.
By prioritising rest and recovery, South African construction companies can build safer, more sustainable projects while complying with national safety standards.

References

1. Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 (as amended)
2. Basic Conditions of Employment Act, No. 75 of 1997
3. Construction Regulations, 2014 
4. FEM Incident Statistics Report 2024
5. National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH)International Labour Organization (ILO) Guidelines on Work Hours

In South Africa's construction industry, "struck-by" accidents are a significant concern. According to the Federated Employers Mutual Assurance Company (FEM), in 2024, "struck by" accidents accounted for 33% of reported workplace accidents among its policyholders.

These accidents involve workers being hit by moving vehicles, falling objects, or machinery, which can lead to severe injuries or even death.

Key statistics

• Fatalities: Between 2014 and 2023, FEM recorded a total of 76,796 injuries in the industry, with 25,755 of these being "struck-by" accidents. This represents about 43% of the total injuries and a significant portion of fatalities during this period.
  
  
• Types of Struck-By Accidents: These accidents can occur from various sources, such as:

Falling objects: Items like bricks, timber, or construction tools falling from heights can cause severe injuries to workers below.

Moving vehicles: Workers may be struck by trucks cranes, or other vehicles on construction sites.

Machinery and equipment: Improperly handled or malfunctioning machinery can cause "struck-by" accidents.

Contributing Factors:

1. Lack of Awareness: In many cases, workers may not be fully aware of the risks posed by heavy machinery or falling objects, especially in high-traffic construction areas.
2. Inadequate Safety Measures: Inadequate safety barriers, improper use of protective gear and insufficient safety training are common causes of these accidents.
3. Working Conditions: High-risk environments like scaffolding, overhead work and crowded construction sites increase the chances of struck-by accidents.

Struck by definition: A struck-by accident occurs when a worker comes into forcible contact or impact between the injured person and a flying, falling, swinging or rolling object.

Safety Initiatives:

FEM launched their "Zero Is No Accident" campaign to promote safety and reduce these types of accidents. This initiative emphasises better safety training, stricter adherence to safety protocols and a culture of safety within the industry.

Efforts to reduce struck-by accidents include:

• Proper PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): Ensuring that workers wear helmets, high-visibility clothing and other safety gear.
• Safety Protocols: Implementing strict safety measures, including traffic control on construction sites and the use of barriers to prevent falling objects.
• Training and Awareness: Providing workers and supervisors with regular safety training and promoting a safety-first culture.

While significant progress has been made, "struck-by" accidents continue to be a serious concern in the South African construction industry, highlighting the need for ongoing safety improvements.

Sources:

• https://roe.fem.co.za/Stats#/Accident-Stats
• Struck survey conducted in 2023

Neil Enslin | Head OHS

Overview

Falls from height remain a significant safety concern in the South African construction industry. According to the Federated Employers Mutual Assurance Company (FEM), which insures a substantial portion of the formal construction workforce, falls from different levels accounted for 10% of all accidents and 14% of fatal accidents between 2015 and 2024.

Key Statistics

• Total Injuries: Over 74,206 injuries requiring medical attention were reported from 2015 to 2024.
• Fall-Related Incidents: Of these, 7,635 cases were categorised as "falling to different levels."
• Fatalities: Falls contributed to 35% of all construction-related fatalities during this period.

Contributing Factors

Several factors contribute to the high incidence of falls in the construction sector:

1. Working at risk positions
   • Frequent use of ladders, scaffolding, roofs, and unprotected edges without proper fall prevention systems (e.g., guardrails, harnesses).
2. Unstable or Improperly Maintained Equipment
   • Scaffolding/ladders failing due to poor assembly, lack of inspections, or overloading.
3. Inadequate Fall Protection
   • Missing or misused personal protective equipment (PPE) like safety harnesses, or failure to install safety nets/guardrails.
4. Slippery or Cluttered Surfaces
   • Wet/icy conditions, debris, or uneven flooring increasing trip/slip risks.
5. Human Factors
   • Fatigue, rushing, complacency, or lack of training in fall prevention protocols.
6. Poor Planning & Supervision
   • Inadequate risk assessments, unclear safety protocols, or lax enforcement of regulations (e.g., OSHA standards).
7. Environmental Hazards
   • Weather (wind, rain) or unstable ground (e.g., excavations) exacerbating risks
8. Lack of Training

• Insufficient education on safe work practices at fall risk positions

  Preventive Measures

  To mitigate the risk of falls, the following measures are recommended:

  Hierarchy of Fall Prevention Measures

  A. Elimination (Best Solution)

• Design out fall hazards (e.g., prefabricate structures at ground level).
• Use mechanical lifts (cherry pickers, scissor lifts) instead of ladders.




B. Engineering Controls (Passive Protection)

• Guardrails & Toeboards – Required for all platforms >1.5m (SANS 10085-1:2024 ).
• Safety Nets – Installed below high-risk work areas (Construction Reg. 7).
• Scaffolding – Must be SANS 10085-1:2024 -compliant, inspected weekly.




C. Administrative Controls (Safe Work Practices)

• Fall Protection Plan (FPP) – Must include:
• Hazard identification
• Correct PPE selection
• Emergency rescue procedures
• Toolbox Talks – Daily safety briefings on fall risks.
• Signage & Barricades – Marking hazardous edges (SANS 1186).




D. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Last Line of Defence)

• Full-Body Harnesses – Must meet SANS 50361:2003 standards.
• Lanyards & Anchors – Anchorage points must withstand 6kN force. Additionally, if an anchor point is not specifically designed as an anchor point, it must have an additional safety factor and be able to withstand a force equivalent to 22kN
• Helmets & Non-Slip Boots – To prevent secondary injuries.




Conclusion

Falls from different levels pose a significant risk in the South African construction industry. By implementing comprehensive safety measures and fostering a culture of safety, the frequency and severity of such incidents can be reduced, ultimately protecting workers and enhancing overall site safety.

Key Takeaways for Reducing Falls:

• Comply with SA Laws – Follow OHSA, Construction Regulations, and SANS standards.
• Eliminate Hazards First – Use engineering controls (guardrails, safety nets) before relying on PPE.
• Train & Empower Workers – Ensure all personnel understand Fall Protection Plans (FPPs) and rescue procedures.
• Enforce Daily Safety Checks – Inspect scaffolding, ladders, and harnesses before each shift.
• Report & Learn from Incidents – Investigate near-misses to prevent future accidents.

A zero-fall mindset requires commitment at all levels, from management to on-site workers. By integrating technology, training, and strict compliance, the construction industry can save lives and build safer workplaces.

Source: https://roe.fem.co.za/Stats#/Accident-Stats

 Neil Enslin | Head: Occupational Health and Safety

Preventing Slips and Over-Exertion in Construction: A Guide to Workplace Safety

Construction sites are dynamic environments with numerous hazards and two of the most common risks workers face are slips and over-exertion. These incidents can lead to serious injuries, lost productivity and increased costs. Understanding the causes and implementing effective prevention strategies is essential for maintaining a safe workplace.

1. Slips in Construction

What is a Slip?

A slip occurs when there is a loss of traction between a worker’s footwear and the walking surface, often resulting in a fall. Slips are particularly dangerous on construction sites due to uneven terrain, debris and exposure to the elements.

Common Causes of Slips:

• Wet or oily surfaces (e.g., spills, rain, or snow).
• Loose materials (e.g., gravel, sand, or sawdust).
• Uneven or unstable flooring.
• Poor lighting in work areas.
• Inappropriate footwear.

Prevention Measures:

• Housekeeping: Regularly clean and clear walkways of debris, spills and obstacles.
• Footwear: Ensure workers wear slip-resistant boots with proper grip.
• Signage: Use warning signs to highlight slippery or hazardous areas.
• Surface Maintenance: Repair uneven surfaces and install non-slip mats or coatings where necessary.
• Weather Preparedness: Monitor weather conditions and take precautions (e.g., salt icy walkways).

2. Over-Exertion in Construction

What is Over-Exertion?

Over-exertion occurs when workers push their bodies beyond their physical limits often due to lifting, carrying, pushing or pulling heavy objects. This can lead to muscle strains, sprains and long-term injuries.

Common Causes of Over-Exertion:

• Improper lifting techniques (e.g., lifting with the back instead of the legs).
• Repetitive motions (e.g., bending, twisting, or reaching).
• Handling heavy or awkwardly shaped materials.
• Lack of rest breaks or recovery time.
• Poor ergonomic practices.

Prevention Measures:

• Training: Educate workers on proper lifting techniques and ergonomic practices.
• Mechanical Aids: Provide equipment like dollies, forklifts or hoists to reduce manual handling.
• Team Lifting: Encourage team lifting for heavy or bulky items.
• Workplace Design: Organize workspaces to minimize unnecessary lifting or reaching.
• Rest Breaks: Ensure workers take regular breaks to avoid fatigue.

Key Differences Between Slips and Over-Exertion

Case Study: Reducing Slips and Over-Exertion on Site (The case study and information provided is problematic example created to illustrate how a construction company might address slips and over-exertion incidents based on best practices in workplace safety.)

A construction company implemented the following measures to reduce slips and over-exertion incidents:

• Conducted regular safety training sessions on slip prevention and proper lifting techniques.
• Provided workers with high-quality, slip-resistant footwear.
• Installed non-slip flooring in high-traffic areas and used mechanical aids for heavy lifting.
• Encouraged a culture of reporting hazards and near-misses.

Result: The company saw a 40% reduction in slip-related incidents and a 30% decrease in over-exertion injuries within one year.

Conclusion

Slips and over-exertion are preventable hazards that require proactive measures. By addressing environmental factors, providing proper training, and promoting safe work practices, construction companies can significantly reduce the risk of injuries and create a safer workplace for all employees.

Remember: Safety is everyone’s responsibility. Stay vigilant, report hazards, and prioritize health and safety on every construction site.

Source: https://roe.fem.co.za/Stats#/Accident-Stats

Neil Enslin | Head: Occupational Health and Safety

Building a strong safety culture in the construction industry requires a combination of effective leadership and active worker engagement. In South Africa, where the construction sector faces high accident rates and safety challenges, fostering a culture where safety is a shared value, is critical.

Here’s how to achieve it:

1. Leadership Commitment

• Lead by Example: Demonstrate safe behaviours and prioritise safety.
• Invest in Safety: Allocate resources for training, PPE and technology.
• Set Clear Expectations: Communicate that safety is non-negotiable.

2. Worker Engagement

• Involve Workers: Include them in safety planning and risk assessments.
• Safety Committees: Create worker-led groups to address safety issues.
• Empower Workers: Allow them to stop work if conditions are unsafe.

3. Communication

• Regular Meetings: Hold safety talks and toolbox meetings.
• Open Feedback: Encourage workers to report hazards without fear.
• Visual Aids: Use posters and signs to reinforce safety messages.

4. Training and Accountability

• Comprehensive Training: Teach hazard identification, PPE use and emergency procedures.
• Clear Roles: Define safety responsibilities for everyone.
• Enforce Accountability: Consistently address safety violations.

5. Continuous Improvement

• Audits and Inspections: Regularly assess safety practices.
• Incident Analysis: Investigate accidents to prevent recurrence.
• Adopt Innovation: Use technology to enhance safety.

6. Build Trust

• Transparency: Share safety data and incident reports.
• Collaboration: Solve safety challenges together.

7. Measure Progress

• Surveys: Gather worker feedback on safety culture.
• KPIs: Track incident rates, near-misses and training completion.

Conclusion

Building a safety culture in the South African construction industry requires strong leadership, active worker engagement and a commitment to continuous improvement. By prioritizing safety, fostering open communication and empowering workers, organizations can create an environment where safety is a shared value and incidents are significantly reduced. This not only protects workers but also enhances productivity and company reputation.

Neil Enslin | Head: Occupational Health and Safety

The start of a new year is the perfect time to reflect on our health, safety and environmental (HSE) practices and set new goals for the year ahead. Here are key HSE goals to make health and safety a priority in 2025:

1. Zero accidents: commit to a culture of safety.

• Aim for zero accidents on-site by fostering a culture where health and safety is everyone’s responsibility. Encourage proactive reporting, regular safety audits and continuous improvement in safety measures.
  
  

2. Enhanced training and awareness.

• Prioritise comprehensive HSE training for all employees, including safety drills, hazard recognition and emergency preparedness. Make health and safety training an ongoing process and ensure new workers receive thorough induction training.
  
  

3. Strengthen risk management and hazard identification.

• Improve risk management strategies by identifying potential hazards before they lead to incidents. Regularly assess work sites for new risks, update safety protocols, and ensure risk assessments are part of every project.
  
  

4. Improve mental health support and well-being.

• Focus on physical safety and mental health. Provide resources, support and training on managing stress, preventing burnout and creating a work environment that supports employees’ mental well-being.
  
  

5. Sustainability and environmental responsibility.

• Integrate environmental health and safety goals with sustainability initiatives. Minimise waste, reduce energy consumption and ensure proper disposal of hazardous materials. Promote eco-friendly practices across the workplace.
  
  

6. Invest in new technology for health and safety.

• Utilise new technologies and tools to enhance health and safety. From wearables that monitor workers' health to drones for site inspection, technology can help detect risks and improve overall safety measures.
  
  

7. Focus on well-being and work-life balance.

• Support employees in maintaining a healthy work-life balance. Encourage proper rest periods, adequate breaks, and time off to prevent fatigue and ensure physical and mental well-being.
  
  

By setting these HSE goals, you can create a safer, healthier, and more productive environment for everyone in 2025. Let's make health and safety a core value that drives everything we do this year!

Neil Enslin

Head: Occupational Health and Safety

Construction sites in South Africa often face unique Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) challenges during the festive season. Proper preparation is essential to ensure worker safety and project continuity during this period. Here are key OHS considerations for builders:

1. Planning for Site Shutdowns

• Site Closure Protocols: Establish clear procedures for shutting down construction sites safely during the festive break. Ensure that all equipment is secured, and potential hazards are mitigated effectively.
• Communication: Inform all workers and stakeholders about the planned shutdown dates and safety measures.
  

2. Maintaining Safety Standards

• Site Inspections: Conduct thorough inspections before the break to ensure all safety measures are in place and potential hazards are addressed.
• Emergency Preparedness: Review and update emergency response plans to account for any changes in site conditions during the holiday period.

3. Employee Safety and Well-Being

• Mental Health Support: Recognise that the festive season can be stressful. Provide support services to help workers manage stress and maintain their mental well-being.
• Work-Life Balance: Encourage workers to take time off to rest and recharge, promoting a healthier work-life balance.

4. Training and Awareness

• Refresher Training: Before the festive break, offer refresher training on safety protocols and emergency procedures to ensure that all workers are prepared for a safe return to work.
• Holiday Safety Tips: Share safety tips specific to the festive season, such as being cautious with celebrations that may involve alcohol or distractions.

5. Monitoring and Reporting

• Incident Reporting: Reinforce the importance of reporting any safety incidents or near misses, even during the festive season. Encourage open communication about safety concerns.
• Post-Break Evaluation: Upon returning from the holiday, conduct a safety review to assess any changes in site conditions and ensure that all safety measures are still effective.

6. Coordination with Contractors and Suppliers

• Communication with Subcontractors: Ensure that all subcontractors and suppliers are aware of safety protocols and site shutdown procedures during the festive season.
• Coordination of Resources: Plan for the availability of necessary resources and personnel when work resumes after the break.

Conclusion

Preparation for the festive season is crucial for maintaining safety on construction sites in South Africa. By implementing effective planning, communication and training, builders can ensure a safe environment for workers during this period. Prioritising OHS not only protects employees but also helps maintain productivity and project timelines, allowing for a smooth transition back to work after the holidays.

Neil Enslin

Head: Occupational Health and Safety 

Climate change significantly impacts construction health and safety in South Africa, posing various challenges and risks to workers, projects and overall site management. Here are some key areas of concern:

1. Extreme Weather Events

• Increased Frequency of Storms and Floods: South Africa, in particular KwaZulu-Natal, has experienced more frequent and intense storms, leading to flooding that can endanger construction sites, damage infrastructure and pose safety risks to workers.
• Heat Waves: Rising temperatures and more frequent heat waves can lead to heat stress and dehydration among workers, especially in outdoor construction environments.
  

2. Health Risks

• Air Quality: Construction activities, combined with climate change, can exacerbate air pollution, leading to respiratory issues among workers. Poor air quality can be aggravated by wildfires and dust storms, which are becoming more common due to changing climate patterns.
• Vector-Borne Diseases: Climate change may expand the range of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, posing additional health risks to workers on construction sites, particularly in rural areas.

3. Regulatory and Compliance Challenges

• Changing Regulations: As awareness of climate change increases, so too does the regulatory landscape. Construction companies may face new health and safety regulations focused on climate adaptation and mitigation, requiring updates to compliance practices.
• Training Requirements: Workers may need additional training to handle climate-related risks effectively, which could increase operational costs and time requirements.

4. Project Delays and Costs

• Weather-Related Delays: Unpredictable weather patterns can lead to project delays, impacting schedules and budgets. This can create unsafe conditions if work is rushed to meet deadlines.
• Increased Insurance Costs: Insurers may adjust their rates based on climate risk assessments, leading to higher costs for construction companies that could impact their overall financial health.

5. Site Safety Management

• Risk Assessments: Companies will need to conduct more thorough risk assessments considering climate change impacts, integrating these factors into their health and safety management systems.
• Emergency Preparedness: Construction sites must enhance their emergency preparedness plans to account for extreme weather events, ensuring workers are trained to respond to such situations effectively. 

6. Sustainability Practices

• Green Building Initiatives: Incorporating sustainable practices can mitigate some impacts of climate change. This includes using materials and methods that reduce environmental impact and promote worker safety.
• Resilient Infrastructure: There is a growing emphasis on building infrastructure that can withstand climate-related stressors, ensuring long-term safety and health for both workers and end-users.

Conclusion

Addressing the impact of climate change on construction health and safety in South Africa requires proactive measures, including enhanced training, compliance with evolving regulations, and investment in sustainable practices. By prioritizing these aspects, the construction industry can better safeguard its workforce and contribute to a more resilient built environment.

Neil Enslin

Head: Occupational Health and Safety

References

1. Government Reports and Guidelines:
• South African Department of Environmental Affairs. (2019). National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. Retrieved from DEA
• South African National Roads Agency Limited (SANRAL). (2019). Climate Change and the South African Road Sector: A National Overview. Retrieved from SANRAL
2. Academic Journals:
• Lemaire, J., & Barlow, T. (2021). Climate change and the construction industry: Impacts and adaptations in South Africa. Journal of Construction Research, 18(2), 123-135. doi:10.1080/15623599.2021.1947541.
• Van der Merwe, J. (2020). The effects of climate change on the health and safety of construction workers in South Africa. Construction Management and Economics, 38(9), 825-837. doi:10.1080/01446193.2020.1790492.
3. Industry Publications:
• Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB). (2020). Guidelines for Construction Health and Safety in the Context of Climate Change. Retrieved from CIDB
4. Health and Safety Organisations:
• International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020). Managing health and safety in construction: A guide to the ILO standards. Retrieved from ILO
5. Research Articles:
• Kanyoka, P., & Chikozho, C. (2020). Adaptation strategies for the construction industry in response to climate change in South Africa. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 14(4), 134-142. doi:10.5897/AJEST2019.2774.

Ergonomics, also known as human factors, is a scientific discipline that helps us to understand complex work systems and to design safer and more productive workplaces. With its dual objective of improving productivity and worker health and safety, ergonomics has been successfully implemented in various sectors globally. However, despite being legislated, ergonomics is still not widely understood or implemented in South Africa, including in the construction industry.

Common reasons for construction organisations implementing ergonomics

When one explores the causes of why ergonomics is applied or when it is typically implemented in the South African construction industry, it has been observed that many organisations apply ergonomics as a response to internal and external pressures. This includes, but is not limited to, the following:

• External audit findings that direct the organisation to conduct risk assessments to identify ergonomic risks
• Legal compliance deficiencies identified by a safety authority (e.g. ergonomics risk assessments not done)
• Incidents and accident investigations that reveal ergonomics-related contributory factors that the organisation was not managing effectively
• Worker injuries (acute and chronic) that can be traced back to occupational exposures such as over-exertion injuries
• Applying for new construction projects where the bid requirements direct organisations to provide evidence of compliance with relevant ergonomics legislation to qualify for the project

Pitfalls of compliance-driven management of ergonomic risks

The management of ergonomics risks in many South African construction organisations is still largely reactive and compliance-driven. A compliance-driven approach to managing ergonomics is not without consequences for various reasons. Reactively introducing ergonomics to manage unwanted system outcomes or to manage non-compliance matters in the organisation is indicative of elementary risk management maturity levels. It also suggests that the organisation may be ill-equipped to effectively, and proactively identify and manage ergonomic risks. Moreover, when the goal is to demonstrate compliance with a specific requirement or linked to a negative event, there is a risk that the focus of the organisation’s response is likely to be on that isolated matter as opposed to taking a system or a programme approach to solving that ergonomics deficiency.

Another negative effect linked to compliance-driven implementation of ergonomics that has been observed in the construction industry is that organisations often focus on complying with selected prescribed minimum safety requirements. This results in a myopic focus on the matters that are raised by relevant authorities, instead of considering wider systemic implications. While regulatory gaze may increase the urgency with which ergonomics-related deficiencies are tackled by construction organisations, in instances where the regulatory authority does not have high visibility or focuses on selected compliance requirements, these may influence the ergonomics risk management strategy of the organisation. What is observed in the construction industry is that compliance-driven management of ergonomics risks is driven by safety oversight activities and is often aligned to the outcomes of safety oversight activities (e.g. incident investigations, audits, and inspections) implemented by the relevant authorities. Despite these pitfalls, it is important to acknowledge that compliance-driven management of ergonomic risks is still far better than not managing these risks at all.

Ergonomics as a preventative tool

There is much evidence and research documenting improvements in worker health, safety, productivity and quality in organisations that have implemented  ergonomics. More awareness and training are required to ensure that this positive association between implementing ergonomics and an organisation’s improved ability to meet its business objectives becomes commonly known, particularly in the construction industry which remains one of the industries that are plagued by tight profit margins on the one hand and a high number of injuries, accidents and fatalities on the other.

Knowing or being aware of the benefits of ergonomics is one part of the solution to ensure the widespread implementation of ergonomics in the construction sector. In addition to raising awareness about the benefits of ergonomics, construction organisations also require support and information about how they can implement ergonomics in practice to achieve these desired outcomes. The list below provides practical considerations for integrating ergonomics into existing organisational systems, with the view of bolstering an organisation’s preventative ergonomics risk management.

• To reap the most benefit from the management of ergonomics risks within occupational settings, organisations should adopt a programme approach. In practical terms, this means that organisation-wide implementation of ergonomics through an ergonomics programme is recommended. It is advisable that the ergonomics programme be integrated as part of the organisation’s existing systems (e.g. safety management system, quality management system, etc.).
• Introducing ergonomics principles during the concept and design stages has been found to also be the most cost-effective way of proactively managing ergonomics risk exposure. Consequently, many construction organisations have reported that the cost of implementing ergonomics retrospectively is an expensive exercise. In reality, the financial cost of not managing ergonomic risks is likely already high in these organisations, and the cost of continuing to not manage ergonomics will likely lead to an escalation in the cost of fixing the problems caused by not managing ergonomics.
• To enable construction organisations to more proactively manage ergonomics risks within their operations, it is also necessary to ensure that a just culture is cultivated. In practice, a just culture supports open discussions about the risks that are prevalent in construction organisations. Moreover, in construction organisations where a just culture is adopted, workers who report unsafe conditions or are involved in adverse events do not get penalised or suffer negative consequences. Instead, workers are central to assisting the organisation to learn from both the positive and negative aspects of the system.
• Change in all organisations is driven by people. To effectively develop and implement an ergonomics programme that aims to proactively manage ergonomics-related risks across the system, construction organisations need to ensure that they have capacitated their workers sufficiently to enable them to support the organisation in integrating ergonomics across all life cycle stages and in all organisational processes. This will require ergonomics education and awareness, as appropriate for their role.

Conclusion

The well-known adage “prevention is better than cure” is relevant even in managing ergonomic risks, as the most effective way of managing ergonomic risk exposure is by eliminating the ergonomic risks through designing them out of the system, where feasible. Construction organisations have various opportunities to eliminate and effectively mitigate ergonomics risks by integrating ergonomics at different life cycle phases of construction projects (i.e. from concept and design to decommissioning stages). While the cost of implementing ergonomics is often touted as the reason for not managing ergonomics-related risks, the reality is that ergonomics remains an effective tool that construction organisations can use to bolster safety and productivity outcomes.

Nokubonga (Sma) Ngcamu-Tukulula: Certified Professional Ergonomist at Smart Ergonomics

Managing subcontractors for Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) on construction sites involves several critical steps to ensure compliance with regulations and maintain a safe working environment.

Here is a comprehensive approach to this process:

1. Understand Legal Requirements

• Familiarity with Regulations: Ensure compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and relevant regulations.
  
  
• Update Knowledge: Stay informed about any changes in legislation and standards that impact OHS.
  

2. Pre-Qualification of Subcontractors

• Assessment of OHS Performance: Evaluate potential subcontractors' past OHS performance and safety records.
  
  
• Safety Certifications: Verify that subcontractors hold relevant safety certifications and adhere to industry best practices.

3. Contractual Obligations

• Include OHS Clauses: Ensure contracts specify OHS requirements, responsibilities and compliance expectations.

• Liability and Penalties: Clearly outline liabilities for OHS breaches and possible penalties for non-compliance.

4. Induction and Training

• Site Induction: Provide comprehensive OHS inductions for all subcontractors before they commence work on site.

• Ongoing Training: Ensure subcontractors receive ongoing training and are regularly updated on any changes in OHS practices or site-specific hazards.

5. Communication and Coordination

• Regular Meetings: Hold regular safety meetings with subcontractors to discuss OHS issues, updates and improvements.

• Clear Communication Channels: Establish clear communication channels for reporting hazards, incidents and safety concerns.

6. Monitoring and Inspection

• Regular Inspections: Conduct regular site inspections to ensure subcontractors are adhering to OHS standards and practices.

• Documentation and Reporting: Keep detailed records of inspections, incidents and corrective actions taken.

7. Incident Management

• Reporting Procedures: Implement clear procedures for reporting and investigating OHS incidents and near misses.

• Corrective Actions: Ensure prompt corrective action is taken to address identified issues and prevent recurrence.

8. Performance Evaluation

• Review Performance: Regularly review subcontractor performance regarding OHS compliance and safety practices.

• Feedback and Improvement: Provide feedback and work collaboratively to address any areas that need improvement.

9. Emergency Preparedness

• Emergency Plans: Ensure subcontractors are familiar with site-specific emergency procedures and plans.

• Drills and Training: Conduct regular emergency drills and ensure subcontractors participate and are prepared.

10. Documentation and Record-Keeping

• Maintain Records: Keep thorough records of all OHS-related documentation, including training, inspections and incident reports.

• Access to Documentation: Ensure that all relevant OHS documentation is readily accessible to all stakeholders.

Conclusion

Effective management of subcontractors in relation to OHS is crucial for maintaining safety standards on construction sites. By following these steps, you can enhance compliance, improve safety performance and ensure a safer working environment for everyone involved.

Neil Enslin

Head: Occupational Health and Safety 

This article delves into the significance of temporary works in the construction industry, exploring their definition, regulations, importance and best practice.

What are Temporary Works?

The definition of temporary works in terms of the Construction Regulations means any falsework, formwork, support work, scaffold, shoring, or other temporary structure.

Temporary works encompass a broad spectrum of structures, supports, and systems erected during the construction process to facilitate the building of permanent structures. These temporary installations include scaffolding, formwork, shoring, falsework, temporary access roads, and more.

Their primary purpose is to provide support, stability, and safety for construction activities until the permanent structure reaches sufficient strength to bear its load independently.

The Importance of Temporary Works:

Temporary works are integral to the success of construction projects for several reasons:

• Safety: They provide crucial support and stability, minimising the risk of accidents and ensuring the safety of workers, contractors and the public.

• Efficiency: Well-designed temporary works streamline construction processes, enabling projects to proceed smoothly and on schedule.

• Cost-effectiveness: Properly executed temporary works reduce the need for rework, saving both time and money.

• Structural Integrity: Temporary works support the construction of permanent structures, ensuring their structural integrity during the building phase.

• Compliance: Adhering to temporary works regulations ensures legal compliance, shielding construction firms from penalties and liabilities.

Best Practices in Temporary Works Management:

To effectively manage temporary works in the construction industry, stakeholders should implement the following best practices:

• Competency Assessment: Ensure that personnel involved in designing, installing and supervising temporary works possess the requisite skills, qualifications and experience.

• Risk Assessment: Conduct comprehensive risk assessments to identify potential hazards associated with temporary works and implement suitable control measures.

• Collaboration: Foster open communication and collaboration among project stakeholders, including designers, engineers, contractors and safety professionals, to address temporary works challenges effectively.

• Quality Assurance: Maintain rigorous quality control measures throughout the design, installation, and dismantling phases of temporary works to uphold safety standards and regulatory compliance.

• Documentation: Keep detailed records of temporary works designs, inspections, approvals, and modifications to demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements and facilitate accountability.

Legal Aspects

In South Africa, temporary works must comply with legal requirements and standards to ensure safety and regulatory compliance on construction sites. Listed below are key legal aspects and requirements related to temporary works in South Africa:

• Occupational Health and Safety Act and its Regulations: The OHSA is the primary legislation governing health and safety in workplaces, including construction sites. It imposes duties on employers, contractors, and workers to ensure a safe working environment, including the provision and maintenance of safe temporary works.

• Construction Regulations: These regulations under the OHSA specifically address safety requirements in the construction industry. They outline duties regarding temporary works design, installation, inspection, and maintenance to prevent accidents and injuries.

• South African National Standards (SANS): Relevant SANS codes provide guidelines and standards for temporary works, covering aspects such as design criteria, materials, construction methods and safety considerations.

• Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA): ECSA is responsible for the accreditation and registration of engineering professionals. Design and certification of certain temporary works may require involvement and approval by ECSA-registered engineers.

• Design and Certification: Temporary works must often be designed, certified, and periodically inspected by competent engineers to ensure they meet safety standards and are fit for purpose throughout the construction phase.

• Risk Assessment and Management: Employers and contractors are required to conduct risk assessments for temporary works, identifying hazards and implementing controls to mitigate risks to workers and others affected by the construction activities.

• Training and Competence: Workers involved in erecting, dismantling and working on temporary works must receive appropriate training and have the necessary competence to perform their tasks safely.

• Documentation and Records: Proper documentation, including design calculations, drawings, inspection reports, and certifications, must be maintained to demonstrate compliance with legal requirements and standards.

It is essential for construction companies, engineers and all stakeholders involved in temporary works to stay up to date with current regulations, standards and best practices to ensure the safety and legality of their operations in South Africa.

Temporary works are indispensable components of construction projects in South Africa, serving as essential support structures that ensure safety, efficiency and compliance. By adhering to regulatory requirements and implementing best practices in temporary works management, stakeholders can mitigate risks, enhance project outcomes and contribute to the sustainable development of the construction industry.

Neil Enslin

Head: Occupational Health and Safety

Sources:

• Occupational Health and Safety Act
• Construction Regulations
• CESA
• SANS Codes and practices

Excavation is a fundamental aspect of construction, laying the groundwork for infrastructure development and building projects. However, recent incidents in the industry highlight the critical need to understand and comply with excavation requirements. This article explores the regulations, best practice, and challenges associated with excavation in the South African construction industry.

Legal Framework:

Excavation activities in South Africa are governed by a comprehensive regulatory framework aimed at ensuring safety and structural integrity. Key regulations pertaining to excavation include the Occupational Health and Safety Act, Construction Regulations of 2014, in particular CR 13, the National Building Regulations and local municipal bylaws. These regulations outline requirements for excavation depth, slope stability, shoring systems, soil classification, and safety measures such as trench boxes, barricades, and warning signs. Compliance with these regulations is imperative to prevent accidents, protect workers, and avoid legal prosecution.

Importance of Excavation Requirements:

Adhering to excavation requirements is crucial for several reasons:

1. Safety: Proper excavation practices mitigate the risk of trench collapses, falls and other accidents, safeguarding the well-being of workers and bystanders.
2. Structural Stability: Excavation requirements ensure that trenches and excavated areas are adequately supported and do not compromise the structural integrity of adjacent buildings, utilities, or infrastructure. The Geotechnical Report will provide all the necessary information regarding excavation and ground stability.
3. Legal Compliance: Failure to comply with excavation requirements can result in fatalities, project delays and reputational damage for construction companies, emphasising the importance of regulatory adherence.

Best Practice in Excavation Management:

To effectively manage excavation activities in the construction industry, contractors and clients or stakeholders should adopt the following best practices:

1. Site Assessment: Conduct thorough site assessments to identify soil types, groundwater levels, utility locations and potential hazards before commencing excavation activities.
2. Engineering Design: Engage with a professional engineer or a professional technologist to develop excavation plans, including slope stability analyses, shoring designs and dewatering strategies tailored to site-specific conditions.
3. Safety Protocols: Implement robust safety protocols, including excavation permits, trench inspections, confined space procedures and emergency response plans; to mitigate risks and ensure compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and its regulations.
4. Training and Supervision: Provide comprehensive training for personnel involved in excavation operations, emphasising hazard awareness, equipment operation and emergency procedures. Assign competent supervisors to oversee excavation activities and enforce safety protocols on-site.
5. Monitoring and Maintenance: Regularly monitor excavation sites for signs of instability, soil movement or environmental concerns. Implement proactive maintenance measures, such as slope reinforcement, dewatering and erosion control, to address potential issues promptly.

By understanding and adhering to excavation requirements outlined in regulatory frameworks, implementing best practices in excavation management, and addressing emerging challenges through collaboration and innovation, stakeholders can ensure safe, sustainable and successful construction outcomes for the benefit of society and the environment.

Neil Enslin

Head: Occupational Health and Safety

Source:

• Occupational Health and Safety Act
• Construction Regulations 2014

There is often confusion about what Health and Safety representatives should do in the workplace. This article will clarify their roles and responsibilities.

What is a Health and Safety Representative?

A Health and Safety Representative, also known as a SHE Rep, is a person who is appointed in the workplace to represent his/her fellow employees to ensure that all risks and hazards are identified and addressed. The Health and Safety Representative consults with and makes representation to the employer in the Health and Safety Committee on all Health and Safety and welfare matters, which may affect employees as well as any other person/s who may be affected by the work undertaken in a specific workplace. Sections 17 and 18 of the Occupational Health & Safety (OHS) Act deal with the SHE Rep appointments and their functions in the workplace.

Who is eligible to be a SHE Rep and how many are needed?

According to Section 17(4) of the OHS Act, employees must be employed in a full-time position and be trained and made aware of the conditions and activities (risks and hazards involved) in their specific work areas. The designation must be in writing and an agreed upon period must be reached between the employer and the Health & Safety Representative. An employer cannot simply appoint any employee as the Health and Safety Representative or employ a new employee to fulfil this role as this position has to undergo a nomination process.

When an employer employs more than 20 employees, he must appoint a SHE Rep and one additional SHE Rep for every 50.

Functions of Representatives

Representatives may:

• Review the effectiveness of Health and Safety measures.
• Identify potential hazards and major incidents.
• Examine causes of incidents
• Investigate complaints.
• Advise the committee and the employer.

Representatives shall be entitled to:

• Visit incident sites and attend inspections.
• Attend any investigation or formal inquiry.
• Inspect any document related to Health and Safety matters.
• Accompany an inspector.
• Be accompanied by a technical advisor if approved by the employer.
• Participate in internal audits.

Can a Health & Safety Representative Incur any Civil Liability?

According to Section 18(4) of the OHS Act, a SHE Rep cannot incur any civil liability, if he/she fails to do anything that is required in terms of the OHS Act. The Health & Safety Representative can therefore not be sued for acting negligently in performing his/her functions as described in the OHS Act.

Remember that this exclusion only applies to the functions of the Health & Safety Representative. Should he/she cause an accident or incident outside the scope of his/her capacity then he/she could still be held criminally and civilly liable.

Neil Enslin

Head: Occupational Health and Safety 

There is often confusion about what Health and Safety representatives should do in the workplace. This article will clarify their roles and responsibilities.

What is a Health and Safety Representative?

A Health and Safety Representative, also known as a SHE Rep, is a person who is appointed in the workplace to represent his/her fellow employees to ensure that all risks and hazards are identified and addressed. The Health and Safety Representative consults with and makes representation to the employer in the Health and Safety Committee on all Health and Safety and welfare matters, which may affect employees as well as any other person/s who may be affected by the work undertaken in a specific workplace. Sections 17 and 18 of the Occupational Health & Safety (OHS) Act deal with the SHE Rep appointments and their functions in the workplace.

Who is eligible to be a SHE Rep and how many are needed?

According to Section 17(4) of the OHS Act, employees must be employed in a full-time position and be trained and made aware of the conditions and activities (risks and hazards involved) in their specific work areas. The designation must be in writing and an agreed upon period must be reached between the employer and the Health & Safety Representative. An employer cannot simply appoint any employee as the Health and Safety Representative or employ a new employee to fulfil this role as this position has to undergo a nomination process.

When an employer employs more than 20 employees, he must appoint a SHE Rep and one additional SHE Rep for every 50.

Functions of Representatives

Representatives may:

• Review the effectiveness of Health and Safety measures.
• Identify potential hazards and major incidents.
• Examine causes of incidents
• Investigate complaints.
• Advise the committee and the employer.

Representatives shall be entitled to:

• Visit incident sites and attend inspections.
• Attend any investigation or formal inquiry.
• Inspect any document related to Health and Safety matters.
• Accompany an inspector.
• Be accompanied by a technical advisor if approved by the employer.
• Participate in internal audits.

Can a Health & Safety Representative Incur any Civil Liability?

According to Section 18(4) of the OHS Act, a SHE Rep cannot incur any civil liability, if he/she fails to do anything that is required in terms of the OHS Act. The Health & Safety Representative can therefore not be sued for acting negligently in performing his/her functions as described in the OHS Act.

Remember that this exclusion only applies to the functions of the Health & Safety Representative. Should he/she cause an accident or incident outside the scope of his/her capacity then he/she could still be held criminally and civilly liable.

Neil Enslin

Head: Occupational Health and Safety 

The MBSA Star Grading is a system that was specifically designed for rating construction sites. Considering that sites are essentially temporary working environments, the classification process is somewhat less complex compared to similar systems.

The system audits according to the following criteria:

• Administrative and legal requirements
• Health and safety education and training
• Physical site conditions (with emphasis on areas that cause the most incidents)
• Health and hygiene

Stars are awarded as follows:

Number of Disabling Injuries

The audit takes into account the number of D.I. (Disabling Injuries) experienced in the past 12 months for projects that are longer than 12 months in operation or the number of D.I. experienced over the actual period since the start of the project if the project is less than 12 months in operation. 

D.I. as defined in the National OHS Competition Policy, equates to an injury that causes a worker to lose one complete shift (or longer). For example, a normal work shift might be from 08h00 to 17h00. If a worker is injured at 08h05 and remains off duty for the rest of the shift but is back at work the next morning at 08h00, this is not a disabling injury.

However, if he stays away the day after the accident for a complete work shift (08h00 to 17h00) or longer, it becomes a Disabling Injury. Disabling Injuries also includes instances where the injured worker is sent for medical treatment, returns to work but is not employed in his normal vocation or has modified duties.                

Calculation of DIFR for projects that are more than 12 months in operation:                     

Number of Disabling Injuries (past 12 months) x 200 00 ÷ Total Man-hours Worked (past 12 months)                                                                                              

Calculation of the DIFR for projects that are less than 12 months in operation:       

Number of Disabling Injuries x (200 000 x No. of months in operation ÷ 12) ÷ Total Manhours Worked (since the start of the project)                                                                        

Introduction to the Health and Safety Audit Procedure

1. The Importance of Health and Safety Audits

   Health and Safety Audits are systematic evaluations conducted to assess the effectiveness of health and safety measures within a workplace. The audits help to identify potential hazards, ensuring compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and its Regulations, and ultimately fostering a safer working environment.

2. What does a Health and Safety Audit entail?

   A Health and Safety audit involves a comprehensive examination of health and safety documentation such as appointments, proof of training, health and safety plan, policies, procedures, equipment and practices within an organisation. It aims to pinpoint areas of improvement and ensure adherence to health and safety standards.

3. Preparation for a Safety Audit

   Before initiating a health safety audit, it is important to understand what will be required from the organisation during the process and familiarise yourself with the MBSA system utilised by the Association.

4. Gathering necessary documents

   Organisations need to compile relevant health and safety documents, including appointment letters, proof of training, health and safety plans, risk assessments, checklist policies, incident reports and compliance records, to facilitate a thorough audit.

5. Ensuring compliance with the OHS Act and its Regulations.

Reviewing and confirming adherence to the Occupational Health and Safety Act and its Regulations and industry standards is essential preparation for a successful audit.

Conducting a Health and Safety Audit

Once the groundwork is laid, conducting a Health and Safety Audit involves a structured process.

1. Step-by-Step process

   The MBSA Health and Safety Audit involves inspection, observation and sampling to assess workplace health and safety. It includes examining physical conditions, reviewing safety protocols and engaging with employees to gauge their awareness and understanding of safety measures.

2. Identifying Health and Safety issues

   During audits, several common safety issues tend to surface.

3. Common findings in Health and Safety Audits

   These may include inadequate compliance with the OHS Act and its Regulations, poor management of physical elements, emergency procedures, poorly maintained equipment, lack of proper signage, or insufficient training programmes.

4. Reporting and documenting issues

Accurate documentation of identified issues is crucial. This documentation serves as the basis for implementing corrective actions.

Addressing Health and Safety Audit Findings

1. Prioritising and categorising Issues

   Upon identifying health and safety issues, prioritising them based on severity and potential impact is essential. Categorizing issues allows for a structured approach to resolving them.

2. Implementing corrective actions

Timely and effective corrective actions are crucial to rectify identified safety issues. This may involve revising protocols, conducting additional training, or investing in upgraded safety equipment.

Continuous Improvement in Safety

1. Importance of ongoing evaluations

   Health and Safety is an evolving aspect of any workplace. Regular evaluations beyond audits ensure that safety measures remain effective and relevant.

2. Incorporating feedback and best practice

Feedback from employees and industry best practice should be integrated to continually enhance safety protocols.

Benefits of Regular Safety Audits

1. Enhanced workplace Health and Safety culture

   Regular Health and Safety Audits foster a culture of safety consciousness among employees, promoting accountability and proactive hazard identification.

2. Cost-Saving advantages

Preventing accidents through effective safety measures not only safeguards individuals but also minimises financial costs associated with workplace incidents.

Legal implications and compliance

1. Ensuring adherence to legal standards: Compliance with legal regulations is of the utmost importance. The MBSA Health and Safety Audit system ensures that organisations meet these standards.
2. Consequences of non-compliance: Failure to adhere to health and safety regulations can result in penalties, lawsuits, reputation damage and most importantly, compromised employee health and safety.

Measuring the effectiveness of Health and Safety Audits

1. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

   Establishing measurable KPIs helps in quantifying the effectiveness of safety measures implemented post-audit.

2. Evaluating the success of safety measures

Regular assessment of KPIs aids in determining the success of health and safety initiatives and areas that require improvement.

Challenges in Health and Safety Audits: Overcoming common obstacles.

Challenges such as resistance to change, resource limitations, or complex workplace environments can hinder the audit process. Strategies are needed to overcome these hurdles.

Strategies for a successful audit process

Adopting innovative approaches, fostering an organisational culture where health and safety are prioritised, and investing in training and technology can mitigate challenges in audits.

Conclusion

Health and Safety Audit procedures serve as an important evaluation tool in ensuring workplace health and safety compliance. From audit preparation to addressing audit findings and implementing continuous improvement, these procedures not only mitigate risks but also cultivate a culture of safety.

Neil Enslin

Head: Occupational Health and Safety

The MBSA Star Grading is a system that was specifically designed for rating construction sites. Considering that sites are essentially temporary working environments, the classification process is somewhat less complex compared to similar systems.

The system audits according to the following criteria:

• Administrative and legal requirements
• Health and safety education and training
• Physical site conditions (with emphasis on areas that cause the most incidents)
• Health and hygiene
  

Number of Disabling Injuries

The audit takes into account the number of D.I. (Disabling Injuries) experienced in the past 12 months for projects that are longer than 12 months in operation or the number of D.I. experienced over the actual period since the start of the project if the project is less than 12 months in operation. 

D.I. as defined in the National OHS Competition Policy, equates to an injury that causes a worker to lose one complete shift (or longer). For example, a normal work shift might be from 08h00 to 17h00. If a worker is injured at 08h05 and remains off duty for the rest of the shift but is back at work the next morning at 08h00, this is not a disabling injury.

However, if he stays away the day after the accident for a complete work shift (08h00 to 17h00) or longer, it becomes a Disabling Injury. Disabling Injuries also includes instances where the injured worker is sent for medical treatment, returns to work but is not employed in his normal vocation or has modified duties.                

Calculation of DIFR for projects that are more than 12 months in operation:                     

Number of Disabling Injuries (past 12 months) x 200 00 ÷ Total Man-hours Worked (past 12 months)                                                                                              

Calculation of the DIFR for projects that are less than 12 months in operation:       

Number of Disabling Injuries x (200 000 x No. of months in operation ÷ 12) ÷ Total Manhours Worked (since the start of the project)                                                                        

Introduction to the Health and Safety Audit Procedure

1. The Importance of Health and Safety Audits

   Health and Safety Audits are systematic evaluations conducted to assess the effectiveness of health and safety measures within a workplace. The audits help to identify potential hazards, ensuring compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and its Regulations, and ultimately fostering a safer working environment.

2. What does a Health and Safety Audit entail?

   A Health and Safety audit involves a comprehensive examination of health and safety documentation such as appointments, proof of training, health and safety plan, policies, procedures, equipment and practices within an organisation. It aims to pinpoint areas of improvement and ensure adherence to health and safety standards.

3. Preparation for a Safety Audit

   Before initiating a health safety audit, it is important to understand what will be required from the organisation during the process and familiarise yourself with the MBSA system utilised by the Association.

4. Gathering necessary documents

   Organisations need to compile relevant health and safety documents, including appointment letters, proof of training, health and safety plans, risk assessments, checklist policies, incident reports and compliance records, to facilitate a thorough audit.

5. Ensuring compliance with the OHS Act and its Regulations.

Reviewing and confirming adherence to the Occupational Health and Safety Act and its Regulations and industry standards is essential preparation for a successful audit.

Conducting a Health and Safety Audit

Once the groundwork is laid, conducting a Health and Safety Audit involves a structured process.

1. Step-by-Step process

   The MBSA Health and Safety Audit involves inspection, observation and sampling to assess workplace health and safety. It includes examining physical conditions, reviewing safety protocols and engaging with employees to gauge their awareness and understanding of safety measures.

2. Identifying Health and Safety issues

   During audits, several common safety issues tend to surface.

3. Common findings in Health and Safety Audits

   These may include inadequate compliance with the OHS Act and its Regulations, poor management of physical elements, emergency procedures, poorly maintained equipment, lack of proper signage, or insufficient training programmes.

4. Reporting and documenting issues

Accurate documentation of identified issues is crucial. This documentation serves as the basis for implementing corrective actions.

Addressing Health and Safety Audit Findings

1. Prioritising and categorising Issues

   Upon identifying health and safety issues, prioritising them based on severity and potential impact is essential. Categorizing issues allows for a structured approach to resolving them.

2. Implementing corrective actions

Timely and effective corrective actions are crucial to rectify identified safety issues. This may involve revising protocols, conducting additional training, or investing in upgraded safety equipment.

Continuous Improvement in Safety

1. Importance of ongoing evaluations

   Health and Safety is an evolving aspect of any workplace. Regular evaluations beyond audits ensure that safety measures remain effective and relevant.

2. Incorporating feedback and best practice

Feedback from employees and industry best practice should be integrated to continually enhance safety protocols.

Benefits of Regular Safety Audits

1. Enhanced workplace Health and Safety culture

   Regular Health and Safety Audits foster a culture of safety consciousness among employees, promoting accountability and proactive hazard identification.

2. Cost-Saving advantages

Preventing accidents through effective safety measures not only safeguards individuals but also minimises financial costs associated with workplace incidents.

Legal implications and compliance

1. Ensuring adherence to legal standards: Compliance with legal regulations is of the utmost importance. The MBSA Health and Safety Audit system ensures that organisations meet these standards.
2. Consequences of non-compliance: Failure to adhere to health and safety regulations can result in penalties, lawsuits, reputation damage and most importantly, compromised employee health and safety.

Measuring the effectiveness of Health and Safety Audits

1. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

   Establishing measurable KPIs helps in quantifying the effectiveness of safety measures implemented post-audit.

2. Evaluating the success of safety measures

Regular assessment of KPIs aids in determining the success of health and safety initiatives and areas that require improvement.

Challenges in Health and Safety Audits: Overcoming common obstacles.

Challenges such as resistance to change, resource limitations, or complex workplace environments can hinder the audit process. Strategies are needed to overcome these hurdles.

Strategies for a successful audit process

Adopting innovative approaches, fostering an organisational culture where health and safety are prioritised, and investing in training and technology can mitigate challenges in audits.

Conclusion

Health and Safety Audit procedures serve as an important evaluation tool in ensuring workplace health and safety compliance. From audit preparation to addressing audit findings and implementing continuous improvement, these procedures not only mitigate risks but also cultivate a culture of safety.

Neil Enslin

Head: Occupational Health and Safety

Worldwide, construction health and safety (H&S) constitutes a challenge due to fatalities, injuries, and disease. Historically construction was perceived to be inherently dangerous and accidents were perceived to be ‘part of the job’. 

Construction sites are becoming more challenging due to the dynamics of projects, schedules, owner’s requirements and the increased employment of low-skilled employees.

Those who work on construction sites are often required to use large tools and machinery, work at heights, and in environments where hazardous materials are present. Due to the nature of such work, working on construction sites can be dangerous.

This article aims to shed light on the “Big Four Construction Hazards” that pose significant risks to the health and safety of construction workers. Each of these hazards, definitions, examples and preventive measures will be explained further in this article.

Understanding Construction Hazards

Health and Safety in the construction industry is of paramount importance. It is not just about building structures but ensuring that the lives of the people involved are safeguarded. Understanding construction hazards is the first step towards achieving this goal.

Construction hazards are largely dependent on the type of construction work that is being carried out, for example, working on scaffolding presents entirely different hazards in comparison to working with asbestos.

The Big Four Construction Hazards

1. Fall Hazards

The Federated Employers Mutual Assurance Company (FEM) publishes statistics every quarter that details the most common causes of ill health and accidents – both fatal and non-fatal – to workers in the South African construction industry who are insured by FEM. Each year, fall hazards is ranked as the third-highest number of fatalities. This makes working at heights the most common cause of fatal injuries to workers.

This hazard includes situations where workers can fall from elevated platforms, ladders, roofs, or scaffolding. Examples of fall hazards are by not limited to, unsecured edges, missing guardrails and unstable working surfaces.

To mitigate fall hazards, employers should implement safety measures such as guardrails, personal fall arrest systems, safety nets and regular equipment inspections. These mitigated factors should be addressed in the site fall protection plan detailing what the fall risk positions are on site and how to prevent these incidents. 

2. Struck-By Hazards

This hazard is ranked as the second-highest number of fatalities. Struck-by incidents involving an object forcibly impacting a person are a leading cause of fatal and nonfatal injuries in the construction industry. 

Hazard Recognition

• Struck-by falling objects.
• Struck-by flying objects.
• Struck-by swinging/slipping objects.
• Struck-by objects on ground level.

Struck-by hazards occur when construction workers are hit by objects, machinery, or equipment. These accidents can result from flying debris, swinging cranes, or vehicles on the construction site. Vigilance and awareness are crucial in preventing struck-by incidents.

Accident Prevention

• Personal protective equipment
• Material storage
• Proper materials handling
• Work zone safety

Safety measures include wearing high-visibility clothing, maintaining clear communication and establishing no-entry zones around operating heavy machinery.

3. Caught-In or Between Hazards

Caught-in or between hazards are defined as injuries resulting from a person being squeezed, caught, crushed, pinched, or compressed between two or more objects, or between parts of an object. This includes individuals who get caught or crushed in operating equipment, between other mashing objects, between a moving and stationary object, or between two or more moving objects.

The key factor in deciding between a Caught event and a Struck event is whether the impact of the object alone caused the injury. When the impact alone creates the injury, the event should be recorded as Struck. When the injury is created more as a result of crushing injuries between objects, the event should be recorded as Caught.

Events that should be classified as Caught include:

• Cave-ins (trenching and/or excavations)
• Being pulled into or caught in machinery and equipment (this includes strangulation as the result of clothing caught in running machinery and equipment)
• Being compressed or crushed between rolling, sliding, or shifting objects such as semi-trailers and a dock wall, or between a truck frame and a hydraulic bed that is lowering.
  

Awareness and following safety guidelines are essential in preventing these hazards. Preventive measures include using trench protective systems, ensuring equipment safety features are functional, and following confined space protocols.

4. Electrocution Hazards

Electrocution hazards are prevalent in construction, especially when workers come into contact with live wires or electrical equipment. Electrocution can have severe consequences, including fatal injuries. Prevention includes proper electrical safety training, identifying electrical hazards, and implementing lockout/tagout procedures.

Importance of Safety Training

Proper safety training is key to preventing these hazards. Construction workers should be educated about the potential dangers they might face and how to mitigate them. Employers should provide regular safety training to ensure everyone on the site is well-prepared to deal with hazardous situations.

The role of personal protective equipment (PPE)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) plays a crucial role in construction safety. Workers should be equipped with helmets, gloves, high-visibility vests and other necessary protective gear. Using the right PPE can significantly reduce the risk of injury.

Regulations and Standards

In the South African context, the Occupational Health and Safety Act and its Regulations ensure construction sites are safe environments. Compliance with these standards is mandatory to prevent accidents and protect workers.

Promoting a Safe Construction Environment

Creating a culture of safety is essential in the construction industry. Encouraging workers to report unsafe conditions, conducting regular safety inspections, and addressing safety concerns promptly can lead to a safer work environment.

Conclusion

The “Big Four Construction Hazards” are ever-present risks in the construction industry. Understanding these hazards and taking preventive measures is essential to protect the lives of construction workers. By prioritizing safety training, personal protective equipment and regulatory compliance, the construction industry can significantly reduce the occurrence of accidents and ensure a safer workplace.

Neil Enslin
Head: Occupational Health and Safety

Construction work is still undeniably manually intensive in most parts of the world. Consequently, it is common for workers to be exposed to risk factors such as manual materials handling work, working under harsh environmental elements, highly repetitive work, and the need to constantly work under pressure to meet targets. Manually demanding construction operations are associated with musculoskeletal disorders, injuries, and premature retirement from the workforce due to an inability to continue working (Gutierrez et al., 2024). Construction organisations also suffer related consequences including reduced efficiency, high absenteeism, poor quality, high compensation costs, and high turnover

While different technological advancements have been introduced to the construction sector, manually demanding work continues to pose risks to workers and organisations in the short and long term and will continue to thwart productivity and health and safety goals if they are not curbed. Organisations often cite costs and an inability to redesign construction work systems as a hurdle in making significant advances to minimise manual work. Given the current challenges that inhibit organisations from significantly minimising exposure by re-designing construction work, it is important to explore alternative options that can minimise exposure to manual labour risks and make workers more “resilient” to such exposure. One such technological solution is exoskeletons.

What are exoskeletons?

The term exoskeleton is usually associated with the rigid external protective covering found in some insects and invertebrates. The exoskeleton in these insects and invertebrates is designed to protect their bodies from external harm (Figure 1A). Exoskeletons in the insect/animal world may have inspired the development of an emerging technology known as exoskeletons (Figure 1B). The term exoskeleton is now also known to refer to a variety of devices that are worn by humans to increase their physical capabilities (e.g. strength capacity) and minimise the impact of external physical loading (Kim et al., 2019). Other terms that are used for exoskeletons include wearable robot, exosuit, or supersuit (Zhu et al., 2021).

Figure 1A Exoskeleton

Figure 1B Exoskeleton

How do exoskeletons work?

The objective of exoskeletons is two-fold. On the one hand, exoskeletons are designed to enhance the human’s physical performance by augmenting the capacity of the musculoskeletal system in terms of strength, speed, and agility (Zhu et al., 2021). Another objective of exoskeletons is to act as a buffer that absorbs some of the energy and forces that are created when a human interacts with various objects around them (e.g. forces on the back when lifting a box, or exposure to vibration while carrying a load).

To realise these physical gains, exoskeletons are worn outside the body and are aligned to various upper and lower body segments (e.g. arms, hands, legs, trunk). It is fitted with numerous sensors and other technologies that gauge speed and direction of movement, forces, postural loading, and speed. The exoskeleton is meant to become part of, or an extension of, the body and is meant to provide the necessary biomechanical support to the body (Zhu et al., 2021). It does so by counteracting or absorbing excessive loading on various segments of the body or fortifying whatever movement or forces are produced by the wearer, thus reducing exposure to risk factors that are associated with musculoskeletal injuries and disorders. There are two main variations of exoskeletons, active and passive exoskeletons. Active exoskeletons have electric, hydraulic or pneumatic actuators that increase physical capabilities (e.g. strength) while passive exoskeletons are designed to redirect and store energy and biomechanical strain in springs or dampers (Gonsalves et al., 2024).

Are exoskeletons effective?

Exoskeletons are still regarded as an emerging technology. While advancements have been made, much remains unknown about how to design exoskeletons that become a true extension of the body and enhance performance without inadvertently causing harm. Research on the most optimal designs and tests of the most effective prototype for occupational settings continues. Variations of exoskeletons have also been made available commercially. However, there are still design and implementation challenges that exoskeleton designers and manufacturers are grappling with to improve their efficacy (Weston et al., 2018). Some of these challenges, which certainly are applicable to construction workplaces, include the following:

• Ensuring that the exoskeleton does not impose unnecessary biomechanical and physiological loading on the wearer which could exacerbate over-exertion injuries and disorders.
• Ensuring that the exoskeleton is easy to wear and take off and that the wearer can do so himself, especially in case of emergencies.
• Ensuring that the exoskeleton is comfortable in all postures and during all activities that must be executed.
• Ensuring that the exoskeletons effectively consider human variability and are designed to fit humans of all shapes, sizes, ages, medical status, and gender without compromising physiological and biomechanical loading as well as comfort.
• Ensuring that the exoskeleton is lightweight, not bulky, and does not unintentionally interfere with other objects in the working environment or prevent the wearer from accessing work areas easily.
• Ensuring that exoskeletons are cost-effective, accessible, and easy to maintain for different organisations.

Is the South African construction industry ready for the widespread deployment of exoskeletons?

Construction is an age-old profession that, despite many process and technological advances, is characterised by the same suboptimal working conditions it did ages ago. To solve some of these persistent challenges, designing construction work systems to minimise the strain experienced by workers is paramount. In the absence of construction work system reform, exoskeletons offer a potentially different solution that focuses on augmenting worker capabilities in the face of manually intensive construction work demands. These wearable devices have already started being tested and some are deployed in various industries including the military as well as manufacturing and logistics industries. While promising results have been reported for some exoskeletons, much work remains to be done to improve their efficacy. Moreover, various implementation challenges would need to be addressed.

There are still many unanswered questions regarding how to effectively implement exoskeletons in our context. Unfortunately, very little research on exoskeletons is being carried out for the South African construction industry. It would be valuable if more research on exoskeletons could be done in the South African construction context so that some of our unique requirements can be considered and accounted for in the design of exoskeletons. While we are not yet at a place where all construction workers can be issued exoskeletons, they are certainly an innovative solution that should be explored by all progressive South African construction organisations that want to invest in improving worker health and safety while also advancing productivity goals.

Sma Ngcamu-Tukulula (CPE)

Smart Ergonomics

References

Gutierrez N., Ojelade A., Sunwook Kim S., Barr A., Akanmu A., Nussbaum M., and Harris-Adamson C. (2024). Perceived benefits, barriers, perceptions, and readiness to use exoskeletons in the construction industry: Differences by demographic characteristics.

Gonsalves N., Akanmu A., Shojaei A, and Agee P. (2024). Factors influencing the adoption of passive exoskeletons in the construction industry: Industry perspectives. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 100, 103549.

Sunwook Kim, Albert Moore, Divya Srinivasan, Abiola Akanmu, Alan Barr, Carisa Harris-Adamson, David M. Rempel & Maury A. Nussbaum (2019): Potential of Exoskeleton Technologies to Enhance Safety, Health, and Performance in Construction: Industry Perspectives and Future Research Directions, IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors.

Weston, E. B., Alizadeh, M., Knapik, G. G., Wang, X., & Marras, W. S. (2018). Biomechanical evaluation of exoskeleton use on loading of the lumbar spine. Applied Ergonomics, 68, 101–108.

Zhu, Z., Dutta, A., & Dai, F. (2021). Exoskeletons for manual material handling – A review and implication for construction applications. Automation in Construction, 122, 103493.

Images sourced from pexels.com